ââåcontinuityã¢ââ Is the Principal Message of the Art of What Civilization?
| A | |
|---|---|
| A a ɑ | |
| (Encounter below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organization | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabet |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0041, U+0061 |
| Alphabetical position | one Numerical value: 1 |
| History | |
| Evolution |
|
| Time catamenia | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | a(x), ae, eau |
| Associated numbers | i |
A, or a, is the start letter and the first vowel of the modern English alphabet and the ISO bones Latin alphabet.[1] [2] Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.[nb i] It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which information technology derives.[three] The majuscule version consists of the ii slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the centre by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can exist written in two forms: the double-storey a and unmarried-storey ɑ. The latter is usually used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is besides establish in italic type.
In the English language grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite manufactures.
History
| Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp | Proto-Canaanite | Phoenician aleph | Greek Alpha | Etruscan A | Latin/ Cyrillic A | Greek Uncial | Latin 300 Advertizing Uncial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
The earliest certain antecedent of "A" is aleph (likewise written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet,[4] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also chosen an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[v] influenced past Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled equally a triangular caput with ii horns extended.
When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to stand for the glottal stop—the consonant audio that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the start phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—then they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel /a/, and called information technology past the similar name of alpha. In the primeval Greek inscriptions subsequently the Greek Dark Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the alphabetic character rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of afterwards times it generally resembles the modern upper-case letter, although many local varieties tin exist distinguished past the shortening of one leg, or past the angle at which the cross line is set.
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.
Typographic variants
Different glyphs of the lowercase letter of the alphabet A.
During Roman times, in that location were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive manner used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this mode every bit at that place are of the monumental, simply at that place are withal many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the awe-inspiring and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the after semi-uncial.[6]
At the end of the Roman Empire (fifth century Advertisement), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italian republic, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the ninth century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the nowadays-24-hour interval class, was the principal form used in book-making, earlier the advent of the printing printing. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.[half dozen]
Road sign in Ireland, showing the Irish "Latin blastoff" grade of "a" in lower and upper instance forms.
15th-century Italy saw the germination of the ii main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic course, besides called script a, is used in most current handwriting; it consists of a circumvolve and vertical stroke on the right ("ɑ"). This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek alphabetic character tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English language writers.[4] The Roman form is used in virtually printed fabric; information technology consists of a pocket-size loop with an arc over it ("a").[6] Both derive from the capital (capital letter) form. In Greek handwriting, it was mutual to bring together the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, equally demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modernistic handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms equally "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.
Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest (set in Roman blazon). In that location are some other cases bated from italic type where script a ("ɑ"), also chosen Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin "a" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages, note that /a/ and /aː/ can differ phonetically betwixt [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.
English
In modernistic English orthography, the letter ⟨a⟩ represents at least seven unlike vowel sounds:
- the near-open up front unrounded vowel /æ/ as in pad;
- the open up back unrounded vowel /ɑː/ as in father, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek audio;[v]
- the diphthong /eɪ/ as in ace and major (normally when ⟨a⟩ is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and and so another vowel letter) – this results from Middle English lengthening followed past the Great Vowel Shift;
- the modified grade of the above sound that occurs earlier ⟨r⟩, every bit in square and Mary;
- the rounded vowel of water;
- the shorter rounded vowel (non nowadays in General American) in was and what;[4]
- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, every bit in about, comma, solar.
The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does non occur in native English words, but is establish in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.[vii] Notwithstanding, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many mutual digraphs, all with their own audio or sounds, specially ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.
⟨a⟩ is the third-virtually-usually used letter in English (afterwards ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the second almost common in Spanish, and the near common in Portuguese. Nigh 8.167% of letters used in English language texts tend to be ⟨a⟩;[8] the number is around vii.636% in French,[ix] eleven.525% in Spanish,[10] and xiv.634% for Portuguese.[eleven]
Other languages
In most languages that employ the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open up unrounded vowel, such as /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel /eastward/.
Other systems
In phonetic and phonemic annotation:
- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
- in X-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open dorsum unrounded vowel.
Other uses
In algebra, the alphabetic character a forth with various other messages of the alphabet is often used to announce a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns past a, b, and c",[12] and this convention is still often followed, especially in elementary algebra.
In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc.[6] A capital A is also typically used as ane of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.[5]
"A" is ofttimes used to denote something or someone of a better or more than prestigious quality or status: A−, A or A+, the all-time grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A form" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations tin have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.[xiii]
"A" is used as a prefix on some words, such as disproportion, to mean "non" or "without" (from Greek).
In English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite commodity, used to introduce substantive phrases.
Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,[5] or a small cup size in a brassiere.[14]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ[xv]
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, just capital forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open up back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin pocket-sized letter alpha with retroflex hook[xv]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open central vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned 5 (also called a wedge, a caret, or a chapeau), which represents an open up-mid dorsum unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned alpha / script A, which represents an open dorsum rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier letter modest turned blastoff[fifteen]
- ᴀ : Minor capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)
- A a ᵄ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)[16] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- a : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies[17]
- ꬱ : Small letter of the alphabet a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[eighteen]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[19]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ª : an ordinal indicator
- Å : Ångström sign
- ∀ : a turned capital letter letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
- @ : At sign
- ₳ : Argentine austral
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive[20]
- Α α : Greek alphabetic character Blastoff, from which the following letters derive[21]
- А а : Cyrillic alphabetic character A[22]
- Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic alphabetic character Alpha[23]
- 𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of modern Latin A[24] [25]
- ᚨ : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A[26]
- 𐌰 : Gothic letter of the alphabet aza/asks[27]
- Α α : Greek alphabetic character Blastoff, from which the following letters derive[21]
- Ա ա : Armenian letter Ayb
Lawmaking points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems
| Preview | A | a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital LETTER A | LATIN SMALL Letter A | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 65 | U+0041 | 97 | U+0061 |
| UTF-8 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
| Numeric graphic symbol reference | A | A | a | a |
| EBCDIC family | 193 | C1 | 129 | 81 |
| ASCII i | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
- 1 Besides for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Apply as a number
In the hexadecimal (base of operations 16) numbering system, A is a number that corresponds to the number x in decimal (base x) counting.
Notes
- ^ Aes is the plural of the proper noun of the letter. The plural of the alphabetic character itself is rendered As, A's, asouthward, or a's.[2]
Footnotes
- ^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Description, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. 1
- ^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
- ^ a b c Hoiberg 2010, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Hall-Quest 1997, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Diringer 2000, p. i
- ^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
- ^ "Letter of the alphabet frequency (English)". en.algoritmy.internet. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on xxx September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- ^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Undercover and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC 795065.
- ^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved sixteen June 2009.
- ^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Short Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
- ^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
- ^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Volume: The Manner Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. 13. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
- ^ a b c Lawman, Peter (nineteen April 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Additional Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (seven June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Suignard, Michel (9 May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: 1000.P. Putman's Sons.
- ^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Calendar week: The Letter Aleph". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Silvestre, M. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated past Madden, Frederic. London: Henry G. Bohn. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
- ^ Frothingham, A. L., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Periodical of Archæology. vii (4): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on 18 Feb 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Steele, Philippa 1000., ed. (2017). Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin Due west. (2010). Indo-European Linguistic communication and Civilization: An Introduction (2d ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on 14 Baronial 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
- ^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 25 Jan 2021.
References
- "English Alphabetic character Frequency". Math Explorer's Club. Cornell Academy. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Percentages of Letter Frequencies per Thousand Words". Trinity Higher. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved eleven May 2015.
- Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon M. (2010). "A Versus F: The Furnishings of Implicit Letter Priming on Cerebral Performance". British Journal of Educational Psychology. 80 (one): 99–119. doi:x.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
- Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (Commencement ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-4.
- Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. M. (1998). "A". In Ranson, K. Anne (ed.). Academic American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (First ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-vii.
- Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier'southward Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (Outset ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. i: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-1-59339-837-viii.
- McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early on Diffusion of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archaeologist. 37 (3): 54–68. doi:10.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
- Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E.Southward.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2nd ed.). Oxford, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19-861213-1.
External links
 | Wikimedia Eatables has media related to A. |
 | Look up A or a in Wiktionary, the costless dictionary. |
- History of the Alphabet
-
Texts on Wikisource: - "A" in A Lexicon of the English language Linguistic communication by Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- "A". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
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